Hello everyone, I am Rose. Today I will introduce 20 kinds of capacitor to you. I will illustrate them in three or four aspects: Structure, features, Usages, advantages and disadvantages.

1. Structure

As a medium, a layer of metal (silver) film is deposited on the ceramic surface and sintered at a high temperature to serve as an electrode. Type 1 ceramic dielectric capacitors (NPO, CCG), type 2 ceramic dielectric capacitors (X7R, 2X1), and type 3 ceramic dielectric capacitors (Y5V, 2F4) are the three types of ceramic dielectric capacitors.

2. Features

Ceramic capacitors of class 1 feature a low-temperature coefficient, excellent stability, minimal loss, and a high withstand voltage. The highest capacity is 1 000 pF, and the most popular series are CC1, CC2, CC18A, CC11, CCG, and so on. Ceramic capacitors of kinds 2, 3, and 4 have a higher dielectric coefficient of materials, a larger capacity (up to 0.47 F), a smaller dimension, and worse loss and insulation qualities than type 1.

3. Usage

Capacitors in class 1 are mostly employed in high-frequency circuits. In medium and low-frequency circuits, Class 2 and Class 3 capacitors are commonly employed for blocking, coupling, bypass, and filtering. CT1, CT2, and CT3 are the three most prevalent series.

Dacron Capacitor（CL）

1. Structure

Polyester capacitors are non-polar capacitors made of a polar polyester film as the medium with a positive temperature coefficient (that is, the capacitance increases as the temperature rises).

2. Advantages

Temperature resistance, pressure resistance, moisture resistance, and a low price are all advantages.

3. Usage

In medium and low-frequency circuits, it is commonly employed. CL11, CL21, and other series are commonly used models.

Polystyrene Capacitor（CB）

1. Structure

There are two types of foil type and metallized type.

2. Advantages

The foil type has a high insulation resistance, low dielectric loss, stable capacity, and high accuracy, but it has a large volume and poor heat resistance; the metalized type has better moisture resistance and stability than the foil type, as well as the ability to self-heal after breakdown, but it has a lower insulation resistance. The high frequency characteristics are weak on the low end.

3. Usage

In medium and high frequency circuits, it is commonly employed.

CB10, CB11 (non-sealed foil type), CB14, CB16 (precision type), CB24, CB25 (non-sealed metallization), CB80 (high pressure type), CB40 (sealed metallization), and other series are commonly used types.

Polypropylene Capacitor（CBB）

1. Structure

The medium of a non-polar capacitor with a negative temperature coefficient is non-polar polypropylene film. There are two types: non-sealed (typically encased with colored resin paint) and sealed (generally encapsulated with colored resin paint) (encapsulated with metal or plastic housing).

2. Advantages

The capacity is huge, the loss is low, the performance is consistent, the insulation is good, and the capacity is large.

3. Usage

Typically used as a starting capacitor in electric motors or in medium and low frequency electronic circuits. Foil polypropylene capacitors, such as the CBB10, CBB11, CBB60, CBB61, and others; metallized polypropylene capacitors, such as the CBB20, CBB21, CBB401, and others.

Monolithic Ceramic Capacitor

1. Structure

Multi-layer laminated chip ultra-small capacitors manufactured from sintering ceramic materials based on barium titanate are known as monolithic capacitors.

2. Advantages

It has a strong temperature resistance, humidity resistance, big capacity (capacity range 1 pF 1 F), and low leakage current.

3. Disadvantages

Low working voltage (withstand voltage lower than 100 V).

4. Usage

It's commonly utilized in resonance, bypass, coupling, filtering, and other Usages. CT4 (low frequency), CT42 (low frequency), CC4 (high frequency), CC42 (high frequency), and other series are commonly utilized.

Mica Capacitor（CY）

1. Structure

Mica capacitors are made with mica as the medium, a layer of metal film (silver) sprayed on the surface of the mica as the electrode, laminated to the appropriate capacity, and then immersed and compressed in a bakelite shell (or ceramic or plastic shell).

2. Advantages

High working voltage (50 V7 kV), good temperature and frequency characteristics, small distributed inductance, high precision, low loss, strong insulating resistance, good temperature and frequency characteristics, etc.

3. Usage

In high-frequency circuits, it is commonly utilized for signal coupling, bypass, tuning, and other functions. CY, CYZ, CYRX, and other series are commonly used.

Paper Dielectric（CZ)

1. Structure

The medium is thin capacitor-specific paper, the electrode is aluminum foil or lead foil, and the capacitor is packaged after winding, shaping, and dipping.

2. Advantages

With a maximum withstand voltage of 6.3 kV, this capacitor has a large capacitance (100 pF100 F) and a wide operating voltage range.

3. Usage

Large volume, limited capacity precision, significant loss, and poor stability are all factors. CZ11, CZ30, CZ31, CZ32, CZ40, CZ80, and other models are common.

Metallized Paper Capacitor（CJ)

1. Structure

The vacuum evaporation process used in the metallized paper capacitor vaporizes a layer of metal film as the electrode on the paper covered with paint film.

2. Advantages

It has a tiny volume, great capacity, and strong self-healing ability as compared to standard paper capacitors.

Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor (CD) 

1. Structure

Winding an aluminum foil (positive electrode) with an oxide layer (positive electrode) and a backing paper coated with electrolyte, along with a lamination of the cathode (negative electrode) foil, results in polarized aluminum electrolytic capacitors. There are two types of outer packaging: tube and vertical. Outside the aluminum shell is a blue or black plastic sleeve.

2. Advantages

The capacity range is large, often 110,000 degrees Fahrenheit, and the rated working voltage range is 6.3 to 450 degrees Fahrenheit.

3. Disadvantages

High temperature resistance is poor, and it is prone to failure owing to long storage duration. Medium loss, significant capacity error (maximum permissible variation +100%, -20%)

4. Usage

In DC power circuits or medium and low frequency circuits, it is commonly used for filtering, decoupling, signal coupling, time constant setting, and DC blocking. Note: This product is not suitable for use in AC power circuits. The polarity of a filter capacitor in a DC power supply cannot be reversed.

Tantalum Electrolytic Capacitor(CA)

1. Structure

There are two types of forms: 1. The foil-type tantalum electrolytic capacitor has an internal winding core, a liquid electrolyte as the negative electrode, and tantalum oxide as the medium. CA30, CA31, CA35, CAk35, and additional series are available. 2. Type of tantalum powder sintered The anode (positive electrode) is sintered tantalum powder that has been crushed with very tiny particles. Packaging comes in a variety of shapes and sizes. CA40, CA41, CA42, CA42H, CA49, CA70 (non-polar), and additional series are available.

2. Advantages

The leakage current is small, the dielectric loss is small, the frequency characteristic is good, the temperature resistance is great, and the dielectric loss is small.

3. Disadvantages

High production cost and low pressure resistance.

4. Usage

It is widely utilized in communications, aircraft, military industrial, and household appliances in various medium and low frequency circuits and time constant setting circuits.

Mica Trimmer Capacitor（CY）

1. Structure

A fixed piece plus a movable piece make up the mica fine-tuning capacitor. The medium is a layer of mica sheet and the fixed piece is a fixed metal piece. A flexible copper or aluminum component serves as the moving piece. The screw on the moving piece is modified to adjust the moving piece. To vary the capacitance, adjust the distance between the fixed components. There are two types of mica trimmer capacitors: single trimming and double trimming.

2. Advantages

The electric capacity can be adjusted repeatedly.

3. Usage

Used in transistor radios, electronic instruments, and electronic equipment.

Ceramic Trimmer Capacitor（CC）

1. Structure

Ceramic is used as the medium in porcelain-mediated trimmer capacitors. A semicircular silver layer is plated on both the mobile (ceramic piece) and fixed (ceramic piece) pieces. The capacitance can be modified by turning the movable component to change the relative location between the two silver pieces.

2. Advantages

It has a tiny volume, can be changed frequently, and is easy to use.

3. Usage

Used in transistor radios, electronic instruments, and electronic equipment.

Film Trimmer Capacitor 

1. Structure

Organic plastic film is used as the medium in thin film fine-tuning capacitors; that is, an organic plastic film is placed between the moving and fixed components (both of which are semi-circular metal pieces), the screw on the moving piece is adjusted, and the moving piece rotates. You have the option to alter the capacity. Double trimming and four trimming film trimmer capacitors are the most common types. Film trimmer capacitors are included in some sealed double-connected or sealed four-connected variable capacitors. The trimmer capacitor is more convenient to use and tune because it is mounted on the top of the shell.

2. Advantages

Small size, light weight, adjustable several times, and simple to use.

3. Usage

Used in transistor radios, electronic instruments, and electronic equipment.

Air Variable Capacitor（CB）

1. Structure

Two sets of metal sheets make up the electrode. The stator is one group, and the moving plate is another. Between the moving and immovable plates, air is used as a medium. The electric capacity of the moving plate is the highest when it is fully screwed into the fixed plate. The electric capacity is the smallest when the moving plate is completely screwed out of the stationary piece. There are two types of variable air capacitors: single connection and double connection (see the appearance diagram).

2. Advantages

Easy to adjust, consistent performance, but not comfortable to wear.

3. Disadvantages

Big size.

4. Usage

Used in radios, electronic instruments, high-frequency signal generators, and communication electronic equipment.

Film Variable Capacitor

1. Structure

Thin film variable capacitors have a plastic film between the moving and fixed parts, and the shell is transparent or semi-transparent plastic, hence they're also known as sealed single-connection, sealed double-connection, and sealed four-connection variable capacitors.

2. Advantages

Small size and light weight.

3. Disadvantages

Loud noise and easy to wear.

4. Usage

Single connections are typically found in simple radios or electronic instruments, while dual connections are found in transistor radios, electronic instruments, and electronic equipment, and quadruple connections are found in AF/FM multi-band radios.

Polypropylene Film Capacitor（CBB）

1. Structure

CBB capacitors are connected in series with metallized polypropylene film, which has low loss, great electrical performance, high reliability, and self-healing performance and can tolerate high voltage and high current impact.

2. Advantages

The dielectric constant is high, the volume is small, the capacity is large, the stability is relatively good, it can withstand the impact of high voltage and high current, it has low loss, excellent electrical performance, high reliability, and self-healing properties, and it can withstand the impact of high voltage and high current.

3. Disadvantages

The temperature coefficient is large.

4. Usage

Replace most of polyphenyl or mica capacitors, used in circuits with higher requirements

Safety Capacitors

1. Structure

The medium, electrode, shell, package, and pin are the five components that make up a safety capacitor. The electrode is made of a metal vacuum evaporation layer; the outer shell is made of flame-retardant PBT plastic shell (UL94V-0); the encapsulation is made of flame-retardant epoxy resin (UL94V-0); and the pins are made of tinned copper clad steel wire.

2. Advantages

After failure, it will not cause electric shock and will not endanger personal safety.

3. Usage

To suppress differential mode interference, the x capacitor is connected across the two lines (L-N) of the power line. Metal film capacitors are commonly used. The capacitors that are linked across the power line and the ground are known as Y capacitors (LE, NE). They usually show up in pairs to prevent common mode interference. They are utilized at the power supply's input terminal, so if the capacitor fails, there will be no electric shock. Personal safety is not jeopardized.

Vacuum Capacitor

1. Structure

A set of concentric cylindrical electrodes created by a set of high-conductivity oxygen-free copper tapes dragged through a set of high-precision molds is sealed in a vacuum container for capacitors using vacuum as the medium.

2. Advantages

Vacuum capacitors offer a high withstand voltage, small size, low loss, consistent and reliable performance, and are not prone to arcing or corona when compared to capacitors made of other dielectrics.

3. Usage

1) Broadcast communication equipment: vacuum capacitors are employed in medium wave, short wave, and ultrashort wave transmitters for tuning, coupling, filtering, neutralization, DC blocking, and other functions.

2) Plasma deposition and etching equipment for semiconductor fabrication.

3) High-frequency industrial equipment: used for dielectric heating and welding at high frequencies.

4) Medical instruments, such as medical analyzers and therapeutic instruments

5) High-energy physics, such as particle accelerators and other high-energy devices.

6) Power equipment is used to test for dielectric loss.

Multi-turn trimming capacitor

1. Structure

In the UHF and VHF fields, a sealed multi-turn ceramic fine-tuning capacitor is employed. When adjusting the capacitance, the shaft does not expose the exterior of the body when moving in the axial direction, and it can prevent outside air and pollution sources from entering the inside, as well as being suited for a variety of different uses. A knot (6) and a rotor (7) electrically connect it, with a sealing band (12) threaded and electrically connected to one end of the outer ceramic ring (8) and the knot (6), and the other end secured to the base ( 10) One end of the lead wire (11) is concentrically fixed with the inner ceramic ring (9) before being snugly fitted and secured with the base (10). The sealing band slides on the inner thread of the knot to prevent the pollution source of the outer portion from entering the interior, and the rotor is rotated with a screwdriver to move axially between the ceramic rings and in the knot.

Feedthrough Capacitor

1. Structure

The feedthrough capacitor is a three-terminal capacitor, but because it is directly installed on the metal panel, its grounding inductance is less, and the lead inductance has essentially no effect. Furthermore, its input and output A metal plate isolates the terminal to prevent high-frequency coupling. Because of these two features, the through-core capacitor has a filtering effect that is similar to that of an ideal capacitor.

2. Advantages

Self-inductance is much smaller than ordinary capacitors, so the self-resonant frequency is very high

3. Usage

Anti-interference filters for radio frequencies. The shortest possible path is used to ground the low-frequency current or radio-frequency current (which may create interference) running through a specific point of the casing or equipment. Rotary devices, ignition devices, electromechanical voltage regulators, vibrators, switches, electronic devices (transmitters, radar modulators, thyratrons, and so on) and equipment AC filtering are examples of typical Usages.